Based on the investigators' interim assessment, 96 percent (163/169) of patients with surgically unsalvageable GCTB had no disease progression after a median follow-up of 13 months. In those with salvageable GCTB whose surgery was associated with severe morbidity, 74 percent (74/100) of patients required no surgery, and 62 percent (16/26) of patients who had surgery underwent a less morbid procedure than planned. Overall, 72 percent of patients had objective tumor response, per protocol defined criteria, including 25 percent of patients who had an objective tumor response according to modified RECIST(Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors).
The overall safety profile was found to be consistent with the known safety profile of XGEVA in patients with advanced cancer. Osteonecrosis of the jaw was reported in one percent (3/281) of patients. Hypocalcemia adverse events, all non-serious, were reported in five percent (15/281) of patients. The most common severe adverse events were low phosphate levels, back pain, pain in extremity, depression, musculoskeletal pain and anemia. Serious adverse events were reported in nine percent (25/281) of patients. No treatment-related deaths were reported.
"These results demonstrate the effectiveness of XGEVA in the treatment of giant cell tumor of bone and reinforce our understanding of this rare disease in which RANK Ligand plays a central role," said
GCTB is a rare, osteolytic tumor of the bone that often results in complete destruction of the affected bone, leading to bone fracture, joint dysfunction, deformity or amputation. GCTB typically affects individuals between the ages of 20 to 40.
XGEVA was approved
XGEVA is a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds to RANK Ligand (RANKL), a protein essential for the formation, function and survival of osteoclasts - the cells responsible for bone resorption. Giant cell tumors of bone consist of stromal cells expressing RANKL and osteoclast-like giant cells expressing RANK receptor. Signaling through the RANK receptor contributes to osteolysis and tumor growth. XGEVA prevents RANKL from activating its receptor, RANK, on the surface of osteoclasts, their precursors and osteoclast-like giant cells.
Study Design
In this international, open-label, Phase 2 study, 282 patients with confirmed GCTB and measurable, active disease were divided into three cohorts: patients with surgically unsalvageable GCTB (Cohort 1), patients with salvageable GCTB whose surgery was associated with severe morbidity (Cohort 2), or patients who transferred from a previous XGEVA GCTB study (Cohort 3). All three cohorts received subcutaneous XGEVA 120 mg every four weeks with loading doses on days eight and 15. The primary endpoint is the safety profile of XGEVA in terms of adverse events and laboratory abnormalities. Secondary endpoints of the study vary by cohort and include time to disease progression and the proportion of patients without any surgery at six months.
About Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
GCTB is a locally aggressive, benign tumor primarily afflicting younger adults between the ages 20 to 40.1,2 It is estimated that there are approximately 300 to 800 new cases of GCTB annually in the U.S. GCTB is unresectable in approximately 18 to 20 percent of cases.3
Most GCTB tumors occur in the long bones of the body, often around joints, but can also spread to the lungs in rare cases.4,5 Although giant cell tumors are slow growing, patients can experience severe bone pain, soft tissue and joint swelling, loss of mobility and pathologic fracture.4,5 Historically, there have been no approved therapies for GCTB. Surgery is the main treatment option for patients with resectable GCTB; however, surgery, such as amputation, may be associated with significant morbidity.1 These tumors also have a higher recurrence rate within the first three years of surgical intervention.1 When tumors recur, they become more difficult to treat and more likely to spread to other parts of the body.1
About XGEVA
XGEVA was approved by the
In 2013, XGEVA was approved by the
XGEVA Important Safety Information
Hypersensitivity
XGEVA is contraindicated in patients with clinically significant hypersensitivity to any component of the product.
Hypocalcemia
XGEVA can cause severe symptomatic hypocalcemia, and fatal cases have been reported. Correct pre-existing hypocalcemia prior to XGEVA treatment. Monitor calcium levels and administer calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D as necessary. Advise patients to contact a healthcare professional for symptoms of hypocalcemia.
Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (ONJ)
Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) can occur in patients receiving XGEVA. Patients who are suspected of having or who develop ONJ while on XGEVA should receive care by a dentist or an oral surgeon. In these patients, extensive dental surgery to treat ONJ may exacerbate the condition.
Atypical Subtrochanteric and Diaphyseal Femoral Fracture
Atypical femoral fracture has been reported with XGEVA. Causality has not been established as these fractures also occur in osteoporotic patients who have not been treated with anti-resorptive agents. A number of reports note that patients were also receiving treatment with glucocorticoids at the time of fracture. Any patient who presents with thigh or groin pain should be suspected of having an atypical fracture and should be evaluated to rule out an incomplete femur fracture. Interruption of XGEVA therapy should be considered, pending a risk/benefit assessment, on an individual basis.
Embryo-Fetal Toxicity
XGEVA can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Advise females of reproductive potential to use highly effective contraception during therapy, and for at least 5 months after with the last dose of XGEVA.
Adverse Reactions
The most common adverse reactions in patients receiving XGEVA with bone metastasis from solid tumors were fatigue/asthenia, hypophosphatemia, and nausea. The most common serious adverse reaction was dyspnea.
The most common adverse reactions in patients receiving XGEVA for giant cell tumor of bone were arthralgia, headache, nausea, back pain, fatigue, and pain in extremity. The most common serious adverse reactions were osteonecrosis of the jaw and osteomyelitis.
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1 Thomas D, Henshaw R, Skubitz K, et. al. Denosumab in patients with giant-cell tumour of bone: an open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:275–280.
2 MeSH Descriptor Data.
3 Thomas DM, Skubitz KM. Giant cell tumour of bone. Current Opinion in Oncology. 2009;21:338-344.
4 Bone Cancer.
5 Giant Cell Tumor of Bone.
SOURCE